Oxiracetam: The Complete Supplement Guide

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Overview

The Basics

Oxiracetam is a synthetic racetam, not a vitamin, mineral, herb, or nutrient you would normally get from food. People usually encounter it in nootropics circles as a study or focus compound, often compared with Piracetam, Aniracetam, and Phenylpiracetam. The core pitch is simple: sharper thinking, better recall, and a more task-oriented mental state.

The evidence is much less simple. Older human studies in dementia and age-related cognitive decline sometimes reported measurable benefit, especially in verbal fluency and selected neuropsychological tests [4][5]. A more recent large randomized trial in post-stroke cognitive decline did not show benefit on its primary endpoints, which is a major reason oxiracetam should be discussed cautiously rather than as a proven cognitive enhancer for the general public [8].

The Science

Oxiracetam is the hydroxylated analogue of piracetam with molecular formula C6H10N2O3 and a molecular weight of about 158.16 g/mol [10]. Pharmacokinetic work in humans and animals shows oral absorption is real, renal elimination is predominant, and unchanged oxiracetam is the main excreted form rather than a heavily transformed metabolite [1]. Preclinical literature links the compound to energy metabolism, cerebral blood flow, excitatory neurotransmission, and neuroprotection in vascular and hypoperfusion models [2][3].

What the full literature does not support is a blanket claim that oxiracetam reliably boosts healthy young cognition. The human signal is context-dependent, with positive older studies sitting beside later null findings and a large modern negative trial [4][5][7][8].

Chemical & Nutritional Identity

Oxiracetam sits awkwardly inside supplement culture because it behaves more like a legacy nootropic drug than a conventional nutrient. That matters for expectations. There is no deficiency syndrome to correct, no daily value to target, and no food-source framework that makes the compound necessary in ordinary nutrition [1][11].

Mechanism of Action

The Basics

The most practical way to think about oxiracetam is as a compound studied for how it changes the efficiency of activated brain circuits rather than for how it "adds energy" in a stimulant sense. In the more favorable models, it seems to support memory formation, preserve function in stressed brain tissue, and help certain neurons work better under strain.

That does not mean it reliably makes everyone smarter. The mechanistic story is stronger than the everyday-use story. Oxiracetam looks interesting in the lab because it touches the kinds of systems that matter for memory and cognition, but translating that into repeatable real-world benefit has been inconsistent.

The Science

Primary studies connect oxiracetam to several mechanistic themes. In chronic cerebral hypoperfusion models, (S)-oxiracetam improved spatial learning and memory, increased cerebral blood flow, reduced astrocyte activation, and shifted cortical metabolites toward higher ATP-related and antioxidant availability [2]. In a vascular dementia rat model, oxiracetam altered apoptosis- and autophagy-related pathways while activating Akt/mTOR signaling, a pathway relevant to neuronal survival and stress response [3].

These data support a model where oxiracetam is less a classic stimulant and more a metabolic and neuroprotective modulator in vulnerable tissue. That is still not the same as proving healthy-user nootropic benefit, but it does explain why the compound remains interesting in stroke, dementia, hypoperfusion, and brain-injury literature [2][3].

Pathway

Unlike a nutrient supplement, oxiracetam does not enter the story through food intake or deficiency correction. The pathway starts with oral ingestion of a synthetic racetam, followed by gastrointestinal absorption, rapid systemic exposure, and mostly unchanged renal elimination [1].

From there, the working hypothesis is that a relatively small fraction reaches brain tissue, where repeated exposure may still be enough to influence hippocampal and cortical signaling. The preclinical literature suggests that oxiracetam may support ATP handling, glutamate-related signaling, cerebral perfusion, and downstream survival pathways in stressed neural tissue [2][3]. In other words, the pathway is pharmacologic and neurofunctional, not nutritional.

Absorption & Bioavailability

The Basics

Oral oxiracetam is absorbed quickly, but the numbers are less impressive than many nootropics discussions imply. Human radiolabeled data suggest the absorption rate is fast while total oral bioavailability is moderate rather than exceptional. Blood levels rise promptly, then fall over the next few hours, with most of the available compound leaving through the urine unchanged [1].

That matters because community discussions often assume fast onset equals high bioavailability. Those are not the same thing. A compound can absorb quickly, peak quickly, and still have only moderate total systemic availability.

The Science

In the classic radiolabeled pharmacokinetic study, a single oral 800 mg human dose showed rapid absorption, oral availability of about 56%, biphasic elimination, and an initial elimination half-life of roughly 1-3 hours [1]. The same study reported that systemically available radioactivity was excreted almost entirely in urine as unmetabolized oxiracetam, with very low brain levels after single dosing and only modestly higher brain distribution after repeated exposure [1].

Bioavailability is also complicated by stereochemistry. The preclinical literature suggests (S)-oxiracetam has a higher absorption rate and slower elimination than the racemate or (R) form, but most retail products are not sold as purified (S)-oxiracetam [2].

Understanding how your body absorbs a supplement is only useful if you can act on it. Doserly lets you log exactly when you take each form, whether it's a capsule with a meal, a sublingual tablet on an empty stomach, or a liquid taken with a cofactor, so you can see how timing and form choices affect your results over time.

The app also tracks cofactor pairings that influence absorption. If a supplement works better alongside vitamin C, fat, or black pepper extract, Doserly reminds you to take them together and logs both. Over weeks, your personal data reveals whether those pairing strategies are translating into measurable differences in the biomarkers you're tracking.

Research & Clinical Evidence

Older dementia-era trials

The Basics

The older oxiracetam literature is more encouraging than the modern literature. Several double-blind studies in dementia or cognitive decline reported improvement on selected cognition or quality-of-life measures, especially when oxiracetam was given at 800 mg twice daily for around 12 weeks [4][5].

That is the best case for oxiracetam as a clinically relevant cognition drug. It is also older, smaller, and less aligned with current trial standards than modern approval-grade evidence.

The Science

One multicenter placebo-controlled study found that 800 mg twice daily for 12 weeks improved quality-of-life scale results and some neuropsychological outcomes in mixed dementia populations [4]. Another larger multicenter placebo-controlled study in primary degenerative and multi-infarct dementia also used 800 mg twice daily and reported superiority over placebo on its main efficacy scales, although adverse events and tolerability issues still occurred in both groups [5].

Situational human performance signals

The Basics

There is also a small but interesting human signal outside dementia. A high-altitude study in military volunteers suggested oxiracetam may blunt cognitive disruption under acute hypoxic stress [9]. That is not the same as proving routine nootropic benefit in well-rested healthy adults, but it supports the idea that the compound may be more useful in stressed systems than in already-normal ones.

The Science

In the high-altitude trial, 60 male volunteers were divided into control, oxiracetam, or fastigial nucleus stimulation groups before ascent to 4,000 meters. Oxiracetam improved some cognitive test scores, reduced prolonged N200/P300 latencies, and favorably altered EEG power spectral entropy and cerebral blood-flow measures relative to control [9].

Modern negative evidence

The Basics

The strongest modern human trial is negative. That single fact should keep claims in check. It does not erase every older study, but it does make it much harder to describe oxiracetam as established therapy for cognitive decline.

The Science

The 2026 multicenter post-stroke cognitive-decline trial randomized 500 participants and found no statistically significant benefit over placebo on MMSE or CDR-SB after 36 weeks, despite exploratory subgroup trends in highly active participants [8]. An older randomized trial in organic brain syndrome was also negative, showing no clear difference from placebo after 12 weeks [7].

Preclinical reinforcement

The Basics

The animal literature is one reason oxiracetam still has a following. There is a repeated pattern of better performance in hypoperfusion, vascular dementia, and neuroinflammation models. That makes the compound scientifically interesting even when modern human efficacy remains unconvincing.

The Science

The (S)-oxiracetam study and the vascular dementia rat study both support neuroprotective effects in impaired systems, with readouts involving blood flow, hippocampal injury, oxidative balance, and Akt/mTOR-linked signaling [2][3]. Those findings help explain the compound's long nootropics reputation, but they do not substitute for reproducible human benefit in healthy users.

Evidence & Effectiveness Matrix

Benefits & Potential Effects

The Basics

The most defensible benefit framing for oxiracetam is narrow. It may help some cognition-related outcomes in older or impaired populations, and it may produce a more focused, task-oriented state in some self-experimenters. It is not a reliable all-purpose smart drug, and it is not well supported as a broad cognitive upgrade for healthy adults.

Community language often treats oxiracetam as a "clean focus" compound. That is not totally baseless, but it is fragile. Some users describe better verbal fluency, easier studying, and less mental friction. Others report emotional flatness, demotivation, or outright brain fog. That is why the compound belongs in the mixed-results category rather than the obvious-winner category.

The Science

Human benefit signals are strongest in legacy dementia studies and in narrow stress-context work such as the high-altitude study [4][5][9]. Preclinical work supports memory, blood-flow, and neuronal-survival hypotheses in vascular and hypoperfusion models [2][3]. The current evidence base therefore supports plausible cognitive benefit under certain conditions, but not a universal cognition-enhancing effect in all users or populations [8].

Side Effects & Safety

The Basics

Oxiracetam's safety story is better than many research-only nootropics, but worse than its fans sometimes admit. Formal trials do not describe constant serious toxicity, yet the modern dossier still contains poor tolerability withdrawals, a transient ischemic attack judged unrelated in one study, and a repeated community pattern of anxiety, sleep disruption, appetite suppression, brain fog, or odd mood changes [4][5][7][8].

The shape of the downside signal matters. It is not mostly dramatic organ toxicity in ordinary oral use. It is more often poor fit: the wrong dose, the wrong stack, the wrong user, or the wrong expectation. That still counts as a safety concern because a cognition compound that impairs concentration or mood defeats its own purpose.

The Science

In the older placebo-controlled dementia studies, oxiracetam did not emerge as a catastrophic safety outlier, but unwanted effects and tolerability-related withdrawals still occurred [4][5]. In dog toxicity work, loose stools were the main recurring issue and the proposed no-observed-adverse-effect level was 100 mg/kg over the study conditions, with (S)-oxiracetam showing slower clearance and longer half-life than the racemate [10]. The TGA scheduling materials also summarize adverse effects such as psychomotor excitability and sleep disorders in racetam use [11].

Knowing the possible side effects is the first step. Catching them early in your own experience is what keeps a supplement routine safe. Doserly lets you log any symptoms as they arise, tagging them with severity, timing relative to your dose, and whether they resolve on their own or persist.

The app's interaction checker cross-references everything in your stack, supplements and medications alike, flagging known interactions before they become a problem. It also monitors your total intake against established upper limits, alerting you if your combined sources of a nutrient are approaching thresholds where risk increases. Think of it as a safety net that works quietly in the background while you focus on the benefits.

Dosing & Usage Protocols

The Basics

Most of the formal human oxiracetam literature clusters around 800 mg twice daily. That is the clearest research anchor. Beyond that, the real-world range becomes messy very quickly. Some users feel something around 300-750 mg; others use 1.2-2.4 g/day; and higher-dose anecdotes become hard to interpret because they often include caffeine, nicotine, or other stimulants [4][5][9].

The main practical lesson is that more is not clearly better. Oxiracetam does not have a stable, modern, dose-optimized supplement playbook. If someone is evaluating it at all, consistency and restraint matter more than chasing aggressive gram-level experimentation.

The Science

The best-supported formal ranges are 800 mg twice daily in older dementia studies and 800 mg twice daily in the modern post-stroke protocol literature, with a high-altitude study using 800 mg three times daily as a short-term preconditioning strategy [4][5][8][9]. Human pharmacokinetic work also used a single oral 800 mg dose for disposition analysis [1].

These study designs support a cautious summary: the human research story is built around repeated oral dosing in the 1.6 g/day range, not around megadosing or healthy-user performance stacks. Because the newest large trial was negative, even those legacy ranges should be treated as historically studied rather than as generally validated best practice [8].

Getting the dose right matters more than most people realize. Too little may be ineffective, too much wastes money or introduces risk, and inconsistency undermines both. Doserly tracks every dose you take, across every form, giving you a clear record of what you're actually consuming versus what you planned.

The app helps you compare research ranges against your real intake, so you can see exactly where your routine falls. If you switch forms, Doserly adjusts your tracking so the comparison stays clear. Pair that with smart reminders that keep timing consistent, and the precision that makes a real difference in outcomes becomes effortless.

What to Expect (Timeline)

For users who notice anything acutely, the first window is usually the same day. Human pharmacokinetic data support quick absorption, and community reports often describe noticeable changes within the first few hours, though the direction varies from focused and alert to flat, overstimulated, or sleepy [1].

Within the first several days, some users describe clearer study sessions or better work output, while others decide the compound does nothing or worsens concentration. This split is important because oxiracetam does not seem to produce a universal early signature. If the fit is poor, that often becomes obvious quickly.

Over weeks, the formal clinical literature is the better guide than forum excitement. Positive dementia studies ran about 12 weeks, while the modern negative post-stroke trial ran 36 weeks [4][5][8]. That suggests any serious evaluation should be based on structured outcomes and not on day-one novelty.

Interactions & Compatibility

Synergistic

• Choline and Alpha-GPC: These are commonly discussed with racetams because cholinergic tone may shape how some users experience focus, headaches, or mental fatigue. This is a community pattern, not a settled clinical rule.
• Piracetam and Aniracetam: Racetam users often compare or combine them, but combination use increases confounding and makes it harder to tell which compound is helping or hurting.
• Ginkgo Biloba: A clinical study in acute intracerebral hemorrhage used oxiracetam with ginkgo extract, suggesting research interest in combined neurovascular strategies rather than routine consumer stacking.

Caution / Avoid

• Caffeine and Phenylpiracetam: These can push oxiracetam toward overstimulation, sweating, sleep disruption, or appetite suppression in sensitive users.
• Prescription stimulants and wakefulness agents: Formal interaction data is sparse, but community reports suggest that layering oxiracetam onto already-stimulating regimens can make subjective response harder to control.
• High-choline stacks: Some users report that too much choline worsens low mood, tension, or weirdly flat cognition rather than improving the experience.
• Alcohol and severe sleep deprivation: These are not classic supplement interactions, but they muddy self-assessment and can make a focus-oriented compound look more effective or more toxic than it really is.

No reliable food interaction has been established beyond the simple reality that consistent timing and hydration usually make self-observation easier.

How to Take / Administration Guide

Oxiracetam is used orally in the current dossier, usually as a capsule, tablet, or bulk powder mixed into liquid. Because the compound is often described as mentally activating rather than sedating, earlier-day use is the more common pattern in both studies and community discussion [1][4][5][9].

The real administration challenge is not the route. It is confounding. If someone experiments with oxiracetam alongside caffeine, nicotine, choline, or other racetams, interpreting the result becomes harder very quickly. For that reason, the most sensible administration logic is usually to keep the broader stack stable and avoid changing multiple variables at once.

Choosing a Quality Product

Quality control matters more for oxiracetam than for mainstream vitamins because this is a synthetic racetam sold into a market with weaker trust signals. The best products should clearly disclose whether the label refers to total compound weight, avoid burying oxiracetam inside proprietary nootropic blends, and provide a recent certificate of analysis for identity and purity.

If a product makes unusual claims about (S)-oxiracetam, enhanced racetam purity, or clinical-grade sourcing, those claims should be backed by transparent testing. That can include identity testing, impurity screening, heavy metal screening, microbiology data, and ideally some explanation of chiral or manufacturing controls when the seller makes stereochemistry claims.

For athletes, third-party certification matters, but it does not solve the bigger oxiracetam problem. In a category where WADA S0 risk is already relevant, contamination control is only one layer of safety, not a guarantee of permissibility [12][13].

Storage & Handling

Oxiracetam is typically handled like a dry synthetic powder or capsule product. A cool, dry environment away from excess moisture and heat is the basic standard. Airtight packaging matters because bulk nootropic powders are easy to degrade through repeated humid-air exposure.

If the product is sold as powder, disciplined handling matters as much as storage. Measuring error, cross-contamination with other powders, and unlabeled scoops are practical problems in real-world nootropics use.

Lifestyle & Supporting Factors

Oxiracetam is easiest to misunderstand when sleep, task load, and other stimulants are unstable. A compound meant to improve concentration looks very different in a well-rested person with a single demanding task than it does in someone who is under-slept, over-caffeinated, and changing three other supplements at the same time.

Hydration is also worth mentioning because several community reports pair productive-focus effects with sweating, dry mouth, or dehydration-style fatigue later in the day. None of that proves a direct hydration mechanism, but it is consistent enough to matter practically.

Unlike classic nutrient guides, there is no food-source strategy that meaningfully substitutes for oxiracetam itself. The better lifestyle question is whether the person would benefit more from sleep, task structure, and fewer confounders than from another marginal nootropic variable.

Regulatory Status & Standards

In the United States, the cleanest official signal in this dossier comes from FDA. A warning letter naming oxiracetam states that oxiracetam products marketed with cognition claims were not considered dietary supplements or conventional foods and were being treated as unapproved new drugs [11]. That does not mean every U.S. oxiracetam listing is prosecuted the same way, but it does mean readers should not assume mainstream dietary-supplement status.

In Australia, the TGA scheduling decision is more explicit. Oxiracetam falls under the Schedule 4 racetam entry, which places it in prescription-only medicine territory rather than ordinary supplement retail [10]. During the same scheduling process, Australian materials noted that racetams were not in therapeutic goods on the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods and summarized adverse effects such as psychomotor excitability and sleep disturbance [10].

For Canada and the European Union, no oxiracetam-specific natural health product monograph, NPN-style authorization, or EFSA health-claim opinion was located in the official search pass for this dossier. That is an inference from current-source absence rather than a formal ban statement. In practical terms, readers should treat oxiracetam as a poorly standardized synthetic nootropic rather than as a recognized nutrient supplement in those jurisdictions.

Athlete status is even more restrictive. The 2026 WADA Prohibited List states that any pharmacological substance lacking current approval by a governmental regulatory health authority for human therapeutic use is prohibited at all times under S0 if it is not addressed elsewhere on the list [12]. Oxiracetam is not individually named in the extracted WADA text, so applying S0 to oxiracetam is an inference from that rule plus the compound's current approval status. It is still the safest interpretation for tested athletes. USADA and Global DRO add a second warning layer by reminding athletes that supplement brands are not reliable anti-doping clearance tools and that third-party certification only reduces, not removes, risk [13].

For athletes and teams, the practical hierarchy is straightforward: start with the WADA rule, assume S0 risk unless a qualified anti-doping authority says otherwise, avoid relying on supplement labels, and treat programs such as NSF Certified for Sport, Informed Sport, Cologne List, or BSCG as contamination-reduction tools rather than permission slips.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is oxiracetam actually a dietary supplement?

Not cleanly. It is sold in supplement-like channels, but the FDA warning letter in this dossier states that oxiracetam products marketed with drug-style claims were not considered dietary supplements or conventional foods [11].

What is oxiracetam supposed to help with?

Based on the available data, oxiracetam is mainly discussed for memory, mental clarity, and cognition in impaired or stressed contexts. The evidence does not support a universal nootropic effect in healthy adults [4][5][8][9].

How does oxiracetam compare with piracetam?

Oxiracetam is usually framed as a more potent, more task-focused racetam than Piracetam, but the comparison is based more on older literature and community experience than on modern head-to-head trials.

Do people need choline with oxiracetam?

There is no established clinical requirement. Choline is a common community stack variable, and some users think it improves the experience while others think too much makes it worse.

How quickly do effects show up?

Pharmacokinetic data support rapid oral absorption, so same-day subjective effects are plausible [1]. Whether those effects are positive, neutral, or negative varies widely across users.

Is more oxiracetam better?

The literature does not support that assumption. The best human data clusters around older twice-daily protocols, while community megadosing is much harder to interpret and more likely to add confounding.

Can oxiracetam make people feel worse?

Yes. Community reports repeatedly mention depression, demotivation, anxiety, flat affect, brain fog, sweating, appetite suppression, or sleep disruption.

Is oxiracetam safe for tested athletes?

The cautious answer is no. Based on the WADA S0 framework and current regulatory-status evidence, athletes should treat oxiracetam as high risk rather than as a safe nootropic [12][13].

Is oxiracetam approved anywhere in mainstream medicine now?

The current dossier does not support mainstream contemporary approval in the major regulatory systems covered here. Older clinical use existed, but present-day official treatment is uneven and often restrictive [10][11].

Myth vs. Fact

Myth: Oxiracetam is a proven smart drug for healthy students.

Fact: The strongest modern human trial in this dossier is negative, and the more favorable literature comes from older dementia or impairment settings rather than healthy-user enhancement [4][5][8].

Myth: Fast onset means oxiracetam has excellent oral bioavailability.

Fact: Human pharmacokinetic data show rapid absorption, but only moderate oral availability at about 56% in the radiolabeled study [1].

Myth: If oxiracetam works for memory, it should also improve mood.

Fact: Community reports split sharply on mood. Some users feel focused and productive, while others feel flat, anxious, or depressed.

Myth: Because it is sold online, oxiracetam must be a standard legal supplement.

Fact: Official regulatory treatment is much messier. FDA and TGA sources in this dossier both push against the idea that oxiracetam is a routine wellness supplement [10][11].

Myth: If WADA does not name oxiracetam individually, athletes are in the clear.

Fact: WADA S0 covers non-approved pharmacological substances broadly, so "not named" is not the same as "safe for sport" [12].

Sources & References

Clinical Trials & Human Studies

1. Gschwind HP, Schutz H, Wigger N, Bentley P. Absorption and disposition of 14C-labelled oxiracetam in rat, dog and man. PubMed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1499599/
2. Li W, Liu H, Jiang H, et al. (S)-Oxiracetam is the Active Ingredient in Oxiracetam that Alleviates the Cognitive Impairment Induced by Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion in Rats. PubMed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28855592/
3. Xu J, Qi Q, Lv P, et al. Oxiracetam ameliorates cognitive deficits in vascular dementia rats by regulating the expression of neuronal apoptosis/autophagy-related genes associated with the activation of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. PubMed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31721903/
4. Bottini G, Vallar G, Cappa S, et al. Oxiracetam in dementia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. PubMed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1414239/
5. Maina G, Rosati G, Agnoli A, et al. Oxiracetam in the treatment of primary degenerative and multi-infarct dementia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. PubMed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2693996/
6. Villardita C, Grioli S, Salemi G, et al. Clinical and neuropsychological study with oxiracetam versus placebo in patients with mild to moderate dementia. PubMed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3479527/
7. Hjorther A, Browne E, Jakobsen K, et al. Organic brain syndrome treated with oxiracetam. A double-blind randomized controlled trial. PubMed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3296624/
8. Lim J-S, Rha J-H, Park J-H, et al. Oxiracetam and physical activity in preventing cognitive decline after stroke: A multicenter, randomized controlled trial. PubMed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41614470/
9. Hu S, Shi J, Xiong W, et al. Oxiracetam or fastigial nucleus stimulation reduces cognitive injury at high altitude. PubMed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29075554/
10. Liu M, Li W, Guo Y, et al. Comparative toxicity and toxicokinetic studies of oxiracetam and (S)-oxiracetam in dogs. PubMed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30351213/

Government / Institutional Sources

1. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Warning Letter to Peak Nootropics LLC aka Advanced Nootropics. https://www.fda.gov/inspections-compliance-enforcement-and-criminal-investigations/warning-letters/peak-nootropics-llc-aka-advanced-nootropics-557887-02052019
2. World Anti-Doping Agency. 2026 Prohibited List. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/2025-09/2026list_en_final_clean_september_2025.pdf
3. Therapeutic Goods Administration. Final decisions and reasons, November 2018: Racetams. https://www.tga.gov.au/sites/default/files/final-decisions-and-reasons-nces-medicines-and-chemicals-november-2018.pdf
4. U.S. Anti-Doping Agency. How to Reduce Your Risk From Supplements. https://www.usada.org/spirit-of-sport/how-to-reduce-your-risk-from-supplements/
5. Global DRO. FAQ. https://www.globaldro.com/AU/search/FAQ

Related Supplement Guides

• Same Category: Piracetam, Aniracetam, Phenylpiracetam
• Common Stacks / Pairings: Choline, Alpha-GPC, Caffeine, Rhodiola Rosea
• Related Health Goal: Ginkgo Biloba, L-Theanine, NAC